„Edukacja Etyczna” Numer 16/2019

Vittorio Bufacchi – starszy wykładowca na Wydziale Filozofii, University College Cork, Irlandia. Specjalizuje się w filozofii politycznej, szczególnie w kwestiach niesprawiedliwości społecznej, praw człowieka i przemocy politycznej. Autor licznych publikacji, poświęconych etycznym aspektom badań nad przemocą.

Violence: What it is and why it is Bad?

This article has two principal aims. First, to bring some clarity to the concept of violence. Secondly, to explore the normative dimension of violence. Part One will explore three different ways to define violence: (a) as an act of force, (b) as a violation of rights, and (c) as a violation of integrity. Part Two will suggest that we can learn something about the badness of violence bad by exploring the literature on the badness od death. Part Three will suggest that the wrongness of violence can be traced back to the badness of violence.

Vittorio Bufacchi, senior Lecturer in the Philosophy Department at University College Cork, Ireland. He specializes in political philosophy, especially on questions of social injustice, human rights, and political violence. He authored many articles and books, dedicated to ethical aspects of violence research.

Michaela Kleppinger jest absolwentką George Washington University z tytułem magistra literatury angielskiej w Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. Jej badania koncentrują się na analizowaniu przedstawień kobiet w literaturze, szerzej zaś: w kulturze, w obrębie problemów przemocy i wykorzystywania. Obecnie mieszka w Maryland ze swoim kotem Georgie.

The institution of slavery is a stain upon the history and the psyche of the Unit- ed States and its people. At its core, it was inherently reliant upon an imbalance of power between the enslaved subject and the slave owner. The enslaved individual’s capacity to assert their own will was virtually nonexistent, allowing white male slave owners the opportunity to exploit this discrepancy in order to take advantage of the enslaved women and girls under their dominion. The history of slavery in the United States is burgeoning with stories of sexual exploitation and victimization at the hands of predatory white men without a thought or care for the well-being of the women and girls they violated and abused. It is from these roots of coercion and violence that myths and stereotypes proclaim- ing the sexual immorality of black women emerged, resulting in the discrediting and discounting of their word. For centuries, white men and society at large have ignored and repressed this history in an effort to avoid blame and deny culpability, leaving black women and girls vulnerable and targets of further vic- timization—an injustice that has veritably stripped them of their right to refuse consent.

Michaela Kleppinger is a recent graduate of The George Washington Universi- ty with a Master’s in English Literature from the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. Her research centers on interrogating representations of women in literature, and culture more broadly, within instances of violence and exploitation. She currently resides in Maryland with her cat Georgie.

Paddy Farr jest niezależnym badaczem, organizatorem i aktywistą zajmującym się przemocą z pogranicza przestępstw z nienawiści, dyskryminacji, brutalności policji, przemocy domowej, napaści seksualnych, więziennych kompleksów. W 2013 Paddy ukończył studia magisterskie z filozofii, co zaowocowało pracą magisterską zatytułowaną „Tragiczna ironia: Sokrates w historii filozofii Hegla”. W latach 2013–2015 Paddy pracował jako koordynator projektu Wingspan Anti-Violence Project w Tucson, kolektywu zorganizowanego przez i dla osób LGBTQI, które doświadczyły przemocy. Paddy pracował również nad projektami z National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, które zaowocowały publikacją czterech amerykańskich raportów na temat przemocy wobec osób LGBTQI i IV +: „Raport o przemocy z nienawiści NCAVP 2013”, „Raport o przemocy partnerów seksualnych NCAVP 2013”, „NCAVP 2014” Raport na temat przemocy z nienawiści” I „ Raport na temat przemocy partnerów seksualnych NCAVP 2014”. W 2016 r. Paddy ukończył pracę magisterską „Queer Victims: Reports of Violence by LGBTQI Survivors Result in Violent Assaults by Police”. Po opuszczeni Wingspan Anti-Violence Project, Paddy pracował jako psychoterapeuta w Eugene Oregon USA w prywatnej praktyce. Paddy uprawia psychoterapię psychoanalityczną inspirowaną pracą Jacquesa Lacana, Felixa Guattari i Judith Herman. Specjalizuje się w terapii traumy, antypsychiatrii, tożsamościach Latinx i LGBTQIA.

This article argues that there is a connection between radical feminist theory and the standard definition of domestic violence. Radical feminism is described through a post-Marxist dialectic in which the gender binary takes the place of the class structure. As such, radical feminism describes a conflict theory in which a struggle between genders displaces the class struggle. The conflict between genders realizes a demolition of the division between the public and private spheres as a unification of the personal-political. The standard definition of domestic violence arises from this dialectical theory. It states that domestic violence is cycle of one person attempting to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. And yet, the radical feminist vision leads to contradictions in which the gender struggle tends toward the erasure of other forms of oppression, most importantly institutional violence, heterosexism and white supremacy. The radical feminist project contains three key problems: 1) a public policy praxis leading to the strengthening of carceral systems, 2) a universalization of womanhood leading to an implicit racism, and 3) a binary dialectic leading to an explicit heterosexism. Based on the critique of radical feminism by intersectional feminism and queer theory, this paper argues that the solution is to reinvigorate the radical spirit that gave rise to the movement against domestic violence in the first place.

Paddy Farr is an independent researcher, organizer and activist focused on violence at the intersection of hate crimes, discrimination, police brutality, domestic violence, sexual assault and the prison industrial complex. In 2013, Paddy completed an MA in Philosophy which resulted in a thesis titled “Tragic Irony: Socrates in Hegel’s History of Philosophy.” Between 2013 and 2015, Paddy worked as the coor- dinator of the Wingspan Anti-Violence Project in Tucson Arizona, a collective organ- ized by and for LGBTQI survivors of violence. Paddy worked on data projects with the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs which resulted in the publication of four US based reports on violence against LGBTQI&HIV+ people: “NCAVP 2013 Hate Violence Report,” “NCAVP 2013 Intimate Partner Violence Report,” “NCAVP 2014 Hate Violence Report,” and “NCAVP 2014 Intimate Partner Violence Report.” In 2016, Paddy completed a Master of Social Work which resulted in a thesis titled “Queer Victims: Reports of Violence by LGBTQI Survivors Result in Violent Assaults by Police.” Since leaving Wingspan Anti-Violence Project, Paddy has worked as a psychotherapist in Eugene Oregon USA in private practice. Paddy practices psycho- analytic psychotherapy influenced by the work of Jacques Lacan, Felix Guattari and Judith Herman. Paddy specializes in trauma recovery, anti-psychiatry, Latinx and LGBTQIA identities.

Diego Márquez Arancibia jest chilijskim profesorem oraz absolwentem filozofii, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago de Chile. Jest również członkiem założycielem CICA (Circulo de Indagación en Cuerpo y Afectividad).

The following research aims to investigate the philosophical problem of violence from Foucault’s perspective. The attempt is to break from the classical paradigms on violence, founded on the repression theories, psychoanalytic theories and in terms of a war-model, because these are controversial, regardin the concept of violence. Foucault’s philosophy allows for an alternative to examine the gap in which relations of power and violence are separated. In this sense, it is possible to save Foucault’s model from the impossibility of a critique of violence in his philosophy, but at the same time, it is emphasized that this model allows a radical critique of both the philosophy of nature and of philo- sophical anthropology.

Diego Márquez Arancibia is a Chilean professor and graduate in philosophy (Master in Philosophy, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago de Chile). Founder member of CICA (Circulo de Indagación en Cuerpo y Afectividad – Body and Afec- tiveness Inquiry Circle).

Wojciech Zalewski – mgr, doktorant w Zakładzie Filozofii Kultury Instytutu Filozofii UJ. Przygotowuje doktorat poświęcony fenomenologii nadziei. Publikował m.in. w „Kwartalniku Filozoficznym”, „Filozofii Religii”, „Więzi” i „Znaku”. Jest współredaktorem książki Na ścieżkach pragnienia. Księga Jubileuszowa Profesora Karola Tarnowskiego (Kraków, 2018).

The article is a description of Emmanuel Lévinas’ metaphysical-ethical thought in the context of relativistic-atheistic criticism by Alain Badiou. According to Badiou, Lévinas’ ethical concept, which refers to the radical, Infinite Otherness of the another human being, is something absurd and impossible to implement. In the first part of the article I briefly present the most important assumptions of Lévinas. In the second part I present the critical arguments that Badiou made against Lévinas in his Ethics. In the last part, agreeing with the Lévinas’s perspective, I reject Badiou’s allegations, pointing out that agreement with Badiou means that violence has an ethical legitimacy.

Keywords: Levinas, Badiou, violence, ethics

Wojciech Zalewski – MA, PhD student at the Department of Philosophy of Culture, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University. He prepares a doctorate devoted to the phenomenology of hope. He published, among others in „Kwartalnik Filozoficzny”, „Filozofia Religii”, „Więź” and „Znak”. He is a co-editor of the book Na ścieżkach pragnienia. Księga Jubileuszowa Profesora Karola Tarnowskiego (Krakow, 2018).

Mária Klobušická – ThDr., PhD., doktor, Katedra Etyki Ogólnej i Stosowanej, Wydział Filozoficzny Uniwersytetu Konštantína Filozofa w Nitrze, Słowacja. Zainteresowania naukowe: antropologia filozoficzna, etyka mediów, etyka w dialogu kultur. Doktor Mária Klobušická w 2004 roku ukończyła studia doktoranckie na Katolickim Uniwersytecie Lubelskim Jana Pawła II, Wydział Teologii, w zakresie Teologii pastoralnej z ukierunkowaniem na mass media, obroną pracy doktorskiej “Zadania Kościoła w dziedzinie kultury w trzecim tysiącleciu na podstawie nauczania Jana Pawła II“. Jako jedyna badaczka z Uniwersytetu Konstantyna Filozofa w Nitrze zajmuje się spuścizną Jana Pawła II.

When we consider ethics to be a philosophical discipline dealing with moral aspects of human actions, it needs to draw on substantial quality of will, which is freedom. Using the freedom properly is closely associated with the way human perceives good and evil. Free human creativity is being effectively and permanently developed if it is based on unshaken truth given to human. Knowing the truth goes hand in hand with accountability for and acts. Acts of love and goodness present the most impeccable way of freedom decisions realization. Love strengthens and purges our human ability to love. In the same time love reactivates and initiates the practicing of all of our virtues. It is the depicting principle, the source as well as the target of particular following of ethical ideal of good and beauty in human life. The love, which is anchored in freedom and responsibility.

Mária Klobušická – ThDr., PhD., doctor, Department of General and Applied Ethics Faculty of Arts, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra Slovak Republic. Scientific interests: philosophical anthropology, media ethics, ethics in cultural dialogue. Doctor Mária Klobušická graduated in 2004 – Postgraduate doctorate and PhD. Study at Catholic University in Lublin, Poland, Faculty of Theology; Field of study: Pastoral Theology aimed at Mass Media. Doctorate study finished in 2004: academical degrees “Doctor Sacrae Theologiae”- ThDr. and “Philosophiae doctor”- PhD.; Lublin, Poland. The defense of the doctoral thesis “The Church‘s tasks in the field of culture in the third millennium based on the teaching of John Paul II.”

Anna Czepiel jest filozofką polityki i politologiem, doktorantką w Zakładzie Filozofii Polskiej Instytutu Filozofii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Do jej szczególnych zainteresowań należy badanie przejawów krytyki indywidualizmu i romantycznej wrażliwości. Przygotowuje rozprawę doktorską o roboczym tytule „Demokracja bezpośrednia jako fenomen romantyczno-indywidualistyczny”. Autorka książki Szczęśliwy człowiek kontra dobry obywatel? Zmagania z myślą Hanny Arendt (Warszawa 2017).

The Paradox of Individual-Community Tension in Conservative Affirmation of Spanking Children

The text is a continuation of author’s polemical considerations published in 2016 which concerned Polish conservative thinkers’ affirmation towards some elements of physical violence in parenting. In this article, the author examines a question which has not yet been taken up in her earlier texts: namely, the question of, so to speak, „individualistic arbitrariness in the name of Moral Law”. Although conservatives prefer community to individual and think that the community should rear and admonish the individual, this is not the case with the parent’s internal belief that the children must be spanked. Conservatives believe that in this situation no one should caution the parent to renounce spanking. This one as well as other examples – concerning not only family life but also political sphere – guide the author to a conclusion that the subjec- tive-individualistic perspective is allowed in conservative thinking as long as it does not bring about any eudaimonistic goal, but is strictly not allowed if the goal would be eudaimonistic. As the conservative author Zbigniew Stawrowski himself reveals: „Our fundamental independence from any external motives – from our sensual needs and desires as well as from pressure of social customs – the independence about which we know by means of the moral law, brings forth our primordial experience of freedom”. Paradoxically, in the name of fighting the „barbarian” subjectivists who want joyfulness, the conservative person who agree with Stawrowski’s view can usurpatorily suspend even the basic customs of savoir-vivre which really bond the community (such as greeting each other by political opponents or answering to Christmas wishes).

Anna Czepiel, political philosopher and political researcher, PhD student at the Department of Polish Philosophy of the Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University. Her research interests include manifestations of criticism of individualism and romantic sensitivity. She is currently preparing a doctoral dissertation, working title: Direct democracy as a romantic-individualist phenomenon. Author of the book: Szczęśliwy człowiek kontra dobry obywatel? Zmagania z myślą Hanny Arendt, Warsaw 2017.

Jacek Breczko, dr hab., pracownik Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Białymstoku (Studium Filozofii i Psychologii). Zainteresowania naukowe: historia idei, historiozofia, filozofia polityki, etyka.

Radical and moderate pacifisms and the concept of „just war”

I start the article with a short historical outline related to the notion of a just war; then I construct a certain – maximally extensive – model of this concept. I combine this model with the concept of moderate pacifism, indicating that these concepts are not identical (some supporters of the just war could not be considered moderate pacifists, and some moderate pacifists would be will- ing to wage unjust wars, for example not started by a legitimate ruler). Then I combine the ideas of radical and moderate pacifism, referring – among other things – to the Aristotelian ethics of virtues. Moderate pacifism turns out to be the „golden mean” between militarism (the cult of war) and radical pacifism.

Keywords: moderate pacifism, radical pacifism, just war.

Jacek Breczko, PhD, an employee of the Department of Human Philosophy and Psychology at the Medical University of Bialystok. Scientific interests: history of ideas, philosophy of history, history of Polish philosophy, philosophy of politics, eth- ics.

Barbara Grabowska – pracuje jako adinkt w Zakładzie Filozofii Polityki w Instytucie Filozofii UMK; zainteresowania: liberalizm, feminizm, filozoficzna refleksja na temat zwierząt.

The problem of cruelty to animals in the thought of Richard Rorty

Richard Rorty supports the traditional distinction between humans and animals, but according to him the difference between us and other species is just the difference of degree (for example, the complexity of behaviour). Interspecific border may be transgressed trough connection on the creatures of different species by sense of solidarity as being suffer. In this way, our moral community will be again extended. This is being encored by sentimental education, which develops individual ethical sensibility. Unfortunately the opposite process is also possibly – exclusion out of “us” – community some groups in situation of threat or deficiency. Animals could be especial susceptible to this.

Keywords: animals, cruelty, solidarity, literature, education.

Barbara Grabowska – lecturer at the Department of Philosophy in Nicolas Copernicus University in Toruń. Interests: political philosophy (liberalism), feminism, animal rights.

Jadwiga Mizińska – profesor zwyczajny, kierownik Zakładu Socjologii Wiedzy w Instytucie Filozofii UMCS w Lublinie. Absolwentka polonistyki i pedagogiki Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, na którym obroniła doktorat i habilitację. Od czterech kadencji Prezes Lubelskiego Oddziału Polskiego Towarzystwa Filozoficznego. Członek Polskiego Towarzystwa Etycznego. Inicjatorka i współredaktorka serii wydawniczej „Lubelskie Odczyty Filozoficzne”. Członek Kolegium Redakcyjnego, a następnie redaktor naczelna czasopisma „Colloquia Communia”. Uczestniczka seminarium „Filozfia Nauki” PAN. W swoim dorobku posiada ponad 200 artykułów, rozpraw naukowych i recenzji. Krąg jej zainteresowań obejmuje socjologię wiedzy, antropologię filozoficzną, filozofię kultury, etykę, filozofię pedagogiki. Autorka licznych monografii naukowych, m.in. Uśmiech Hioba (Wyd. UMCS, Lublin 1998) Wina i wybaczenie (Wyd. Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2007) oraz Filozofia pocieszenia (Instytut Wydawniczy Maximum, Kraków 2008).

Violence. Powerlessness. Help.

The concept of violence has clearly negative ratings in the contemporary Western culture; at least in the philosophical, ethical and ecological literature. Nevertheless, social and political practice not only tolerates but also accepts violence in many circumstances. A likely ambivalence surrounds the concept of help, that might seem to be the obvious opposite of violence. In order to deepen their relationship, I suggest introducing an intermediary category of powerlessness. It is a kind of a „zero point,” where the two bespoken, opposing powers would be able to negotiate their dramatic struggles, without mere hypocrisy and mere deception. Extreme opposition may also be found between cruelty and martyrdom, which complement the catalogue of these categories.

Keywords: violence, help, powerlessness, cruelty, martydom.

Jadwiga Mizińska – professor, head of the Department of Sociology of Knowledge at UMCS Institute of Philosophy in Lublin. A graduate of Polish studies and Pedagogics at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin where she was granted a PhD and a tenure. Elected four times as the President of Lublin Branch of Polish Philosophical Society. A member of Polish Ethical Society. A founder and co-editor of the series “Lublin Philosophical Lectures”. A member of the editorial board and later an editor in chief of the journal „Colloquia Communia”. A participator of the PAN seminar “Philosophy of Science”. She is the author of more than 200 articles, treatises and reviews. Her main interests are sociology of knowledge, anthropology, philosophy of culture, ethics, philosophy of pedagogics. She is an author of numerous scientific monographs including Uśmiech Hioba (UMCS, Lublin 1998), Wina i wybaczenie (Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2007) and Filozofia pocieszenia (Instytut Wydawniczy Maximum, Kraków 2008).